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PHILOSOPHY (THOUGHT)

Fallacy

An error in reasoning. It is an argument in which the conclusion is not supported by the premise(s).
Entry link: Fallacy

Fallacy - Ad Hominem

Also known as Ad Hominem Abusive, Personal Attack

A fallacy in which a claim or argument is rejected because of a personal issue of the presenter of the claim or argument.

1. Person A makes claim X.
2. Person B attacks character, circumstances or actions of Person A
3. Fallacy - Person A's claim is judged false
Entry link: Fallacy - Ad Hominem

Fallacy - Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

Also known as "You Too Fallacy"

When an argument is concluded false because it is inconsistent with previous actions or words.

1. Person A makes claim X
2. Person B points out the inconsistent past actions or claims removes the chance of truth concerning claim X
3. Fallacy: Inconsistent past claim makes claim X false.

A hypocrite can still make a truthful claim as long as there is not a pair of inconsistent claims together where only one can be truth.
Entry link: Fallacy - Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

Fear

The fleeing from opposition to what is loved1 (See Joy, Desire, Sadness)

 

 

Reference:

Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, The City of God, trans., Marcus Dods, Modern Library Paperback ed. (New York: Random House, Inc., 2000), 449.

Entry link: Fear

Gnosticism

Gnosticism was a secret religion with esoteric knowledge, which was influenced by the mystery religions in the early days of early Christian belief. The Gnostics were a host of different movements with similar ideas; some existed in the midst of 'mainstream' Christianity and others were followers of non-Christian religions. They were the biggest and most controversial movement within Christianity at the time of the early church.

Dualism, belief in two principles of good and evil which are intrinsically opposed, was common to all Gnostics. This dualism was expressed in the evil physical world and the good spiritual world. To explain evil, some imagined weaker gods, while others developed elaborate mythology to explain its existence. Ireaeus, a late second-century Christian from Anatolia, wrote a book attacking the religion, which led to the development of the standards of Orthodoxy. (Hill, 65,66)

Bibliography

Hill, Jonathan. "Early Christianity: A World Religion." Handbook to the History of Christianity. Zondervan, 2006.
Entry link: Gnosticism

Humanism

A philosophy or attitude that centers upon human being’s achievements and interests of natural life as being more important than a spiritual life directed by the LORD God. Humanists place mankind at the center of the universe, bestowing supreme value to the human being and their potential to solve all problems of life.
Entry link: Humanism

Idea

An attractive thought, concept, or theory that is uniquely novel to the thinker (See Ethics)

Entry link: Idea

Idols of the Cave

Fallacies derived from prejudice and personal biased thought. For example, human beings have weak reasoning abilities due to particular personality traits, likes, and dislikes.(See Idols of the Mind)
Entry link: Idols of the Cave

Idols of the Marketplace

(Also called Idols of the Forum) - Fallacies derived from cultural customs. An example might be confusions between the language of science and the language of common use that cause conflict in meanings.(See Idols of the Mind)
Entry link: Idols of the Marketplace

Idols of the Mind

Sir Francis Bacon listed four Idols of the Mind which obstructed the path of correct scientific reasoning for his Baconian method of research of phenomenon (a precursor to the development of the scientific method). These four idols included:

1) Idols of the Tribe (Idola Tribus) - Fallacies derived from the nature of man and his social organization.

2) Idols of the Cave (Idola Specus) - Fallacies derived from prejudice and personal biased thought.

3) Idols of the Marketplace (Idola Fori) (Also called Idols of the Forum) - Fallacies derived from cultural customs.

4) Idols of the Theater - Fallacies resulting from traditional beliefs and techniques.
Entry link: Idols of the Mind


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